Physical (phy) layer solutions to support use of mixed numerologies in the same channel

ABSTRACT

A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may, in a first codeword, map a first set of bits to a higher order modulation scheme and a second set of bits to a lower order scheme. The WTRU may then transmit the first set of bits in the first codeword at a first allocated power and the second set of bits in the first codeword at a second allocated power. In an example, the second allocated power may be great than the first allocated power. Further, the WTRU may determine the second allocated power based on power boosting the first allocated power. In another example, the WTRU may receive an assignment message from a base station including instructions regarding partition determination and resource assignment. The WTRU may then determine at least two partitions of bandwidth based on the assignment message. Further, each partition may have differing symbol periods, differing subcarrier spacing or both.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/300,336 filed Nov. 9, 2018, which is the U.S. National Stage, under35 U.S.C. § 371, of International Application No. PCT/US2017/032222filed May 11, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/334,882, filed May 11, 2016, the contents of whichare hereby incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

New applications continue to emerge for wireless cellular technology.With these new applications, the importance of supporting higher datarates, lower latency, and massive connectivity continues to increase.For example, support for enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB)communications, Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (URLLC)and massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC) have been recommended bythe International Telecommunication Union (ITU), along with exampleusage scenarios and desirable radio access capabilities. With a broadrange of applications and usage scenarios, radio access capabilities maydiffer in importance across the range.

For example, for eMBB, spectral efficiency, capacity, user data rates(for example, peak data rates, average data rates or both), and mobilitymay be of high importance. For the eMBB use case, the choice of thewaveform, as well as the numerology, has the potential to improvespectral efficiency. For URLLC, user plane latency may be of highimportance. The choice of numerology may help address this aspect. Forexample, for Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)/DiscreteFourier Transform-Spread-Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing(DFT-s-OFDM) based waveforms, if wide sub-carrier spacing is configured,the OFDM symbol length is shorter, which may help reduce the physical(PHY) layer latency.

For mMTC, the connection density, low device complexity, low powerconsumption, and extended coverage may be of high importance. The choiceof the waveform type and the numerology may address some of theserequirements. For example, for systems based on the OFDM waveform, alonger cyclic prefix (CP) may be configured for longer OFDM symbols.This may relax the timing requirements and may allow the use of lowercost local oscillators. For example, longer OFDM symbols may beconfigured with narrower sub-carrier spacing.

SUMMARY

Discussed herein are methods, apparatuses, and systems for improvingsystem performance and spectral efficiency when using mixed OrthogonalFrequency-Division Modulation (OFDM) waveform numerologies in adjacentpartitions in a single channel. Example methods, apparatuses, andsystems include mapping a lower order modulation for first resourcesthat are close to a partition edge, and mapping a higher ordermodulation for second resources closer to the center of the partitionand away from the partition edge.

Specifically, in an example, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) maymap a first set of bits in a first codeword to a higher order modulationscheme and a second set of bits in the first codeword to a lower ordermodulation scheme. The WTRU may then transmit the first codeword. AneNode-B may then receive the first codeword. Further, the WTRU maydetermine that data of the first codeword is to be re-transmitted on asecond codeword, which may contain the same number of bits as the firstcodeword. Then, the WTRU may map a first set of bits in the secondcodeword to the lower order modulation scheme and a second set of bitsin the second codeword to the higher order modulation scheme. The firstset of bits of the second codeword may contain the same number of bitsas the second set of bits of the first codeword and may contain at leasta subset of data in the first set of bits of the first codeword. TheWTRU may then transmit the second codeword. The eNode-B may then receivethe second codeword.

In a further example, the WTRU may receive an assignment message from aneNode-B including instructions regarding partition determination andresource assignment. As a result, the WTRU may determine at least twopartitions of bandwidth for wireless communication based on theassignment message, wherein each of the at least two partitions havediffering symbol periods, differing subcarrier spacing or both. Further,the WTRU may assign resource blocks (RBs) of the at least two partitionsbased on the assignment message, wherein RBs of a partition close in atleast one of time resources and frequency resources to an adjacentpartition are assigned the lower modulation scheme, and wherein thefirst codeword is transmitted using assigned RBs. In an example, a firstpartition may have a first numerology and a second partition may have asecond numerology.

Further, a base station, such as an eNode-B, may determine that data ofthe first codeword is to be re-transmitted based on a lowsignal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) ratio of the transmittedfirst codeword. The eNode-B may transmit a message to the WTRU includinginstructions to re-transmit data of the first codeword. The WTRU maythen determine that data of the first codeword is to be re-transmittedis based on receiving the message. In addition, the mapping the bits ofthe codewords may be based on at least one of pre-defined processing,dynamically signaled processing and processing signaled in downlinkcontrol information (DCI).

In another example, an eNode-B may map a first set of bits in a firstcodeword to a higher order modulation scheme and a second set of bits inthe first codeword to a lower order modulation scheme. The eNode-B maythen transmit the first codeword. A WTRU may then receive the firstcodeword. Further, the eNode-B may determine that data of the firstcodeword is to be re-transmitted on a second codeword, which may containthe same number of bits as the first codeword. Then, the eNode-B may mapa first set of bits in the second codeword to the lower order modulationscheme and a second set of bits in the second codeword to the higherorder modulation scheme. The first set of bits of the second codewordmay contain the same number of bits as the second set of bits of thefirst codeword and may contain at least a subset of data in the firstset of bits of the first codeword. The eNode-B may then transmit thesecond codeword and the WTRU may then receive the second codeword.

In an additional example, the eNode-B may determine at least twopartitions of bandwidth for wireless communication, wherein each of theat least two partitions have differing symbol periods, differingsubcarrier spacing or both. Further, the eNode-B may assign RBs of theat least two partitions, wherein RBs of a partition close in at leastone of time resources and frequency resources to an adjacent partitionare assigned the lower modulation scheme, and wherein the first codewordis transmitted using assigned RBs. In an example, a first partition mayhave a first numerology and a second partition may have a secondnumerology. In an example, the eNode-B may generate and transmit, to theWTRU, an assignment message including the partition determination andthe resource assignment.

In a further example, an eNode-B may determine that data of the firstcodeword is to be re-transmitted based on a low SINR ratio of thetransmitted first codeword. For example, the eNode-B may make thedetermination based on other considerations in addition to or instead ofthe SINR ratio. The eNode-B may then re-transmit the data on the secondcodeword. In addition, the mapping the bits of the codewords may bebased on at least one of pre-defined processing, dynamically signaledprocessing and processing signaled in DCI.

In a further example, a WTRU may, in a first codeword, map a first setof bits to a higher order modulation scheme and a second set of bits toa lower order scheme. The WTRU may then transmit the first set of bitsin the first codeword at a first allocated power and transmit the secondset of bits in the first codeword at a second allocated power.

In an example, the second allocated power may be great than the firstallocated power. Further, the WTRU may determine the second allocatedpower based on power boosting the first allocated power. In anotherexample, the WTRU may receive an assignment message from a base stationincluding instructions regarding partition determination and resourceassignment. The WTRU may then determine at least two partitions ofbandwidth for wireless communication based on the assignment message,wherein each of the at least two partitions has differing symbolperiods, differing subcarrier spacing or both.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description,given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawingswherein:

FIG. 1A is a system diagram of an example communications system in whichone or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented;

FIG. 1B is a system diagram of an example wireless transmit/receive unit(WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated inFIG. 1A;

FIG. 1C is a system diagram of an example radio access network and anexample core network that may be used within the communications systemillustrated in FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of in-band use of mixednumerology in a waveform operating in adjacent partitions in a channelbandwidth;

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of the use of variablemodulation orders within a transport block (TB);

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a variablemodulation order mapping for a single layer, single antennatransmission;

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of changing the modulationmapping for re-transmission;

FIG. 6 is flowchart diagram of an example of changing the modulationmapping for re-transmission;

FIG. 7 is a chart illustrating an example of signaling the offset formodulation order selection for partition edge resources;

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of Frequency-DivisionMultiplexing (FDM) transmission of two codewords on a single layer;

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of an interference model forthe band-edge;

FIGS. 10A and 10B are signaling diagrams illustrating examples of theplacement of synchronization signals in a mixed numerologytime-frequency grid;

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of control channelallocation;

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating example methods for uneven time domainsignal-to-noise and interference (SINR) distribution;

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating example methods for uneven time domainSINR distribution per resource block (RB); and

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating example methods for uneven time andfrequency domain SINR distribution with a plurality of RBs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1A is a diagram of an example communications system 100 in whichone or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communicationssystem 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, suchas voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wirelessusers. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless usersto access such content through the sharing of system resources,including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code divisionmultiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequencydivision multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrierFDMA (SC-FDMA), and the like.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wirelesstransmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d, a radioaccess network (RAN) 104, a core network 106, a public switchedtelephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112,though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplateany number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements.Each of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d may be any type of deviceconfigured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. Byway of example, the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d may be configuredto transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include userequipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, apager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), asmartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor,consumer electronics, and the like.

The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114 a anda base station 114 b. Each of the base stations 114 a, 114 b may be anytype of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one ofthe WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d to facilitate access to one or morecommunication networks, such as the core network 106, the Internet 110,and/or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114 b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B,a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a site controller, an access point (AP),a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114 a, 114 bare each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that thebase stations 114 a, 114 b may include any number of interconnected basestations and/or network elements.

The base station 114 a may be part of the RAN 104, which may alsoinclude other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such asa base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relaynodes, etc. The base station 114 a and/or the base station 114 b may beconfigured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals within aparticular geographic region, which may be referred to as a cell (notshown). The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example,the cell associated with the base station 114 a may be divided intothree sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114 a mayinclude three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. Inanother embodiment, the base station 114 a may employ multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) technology and, therefore, may utilize multipletransceivers for each sector of the cell.

The base stations 114 a, 114 b may communicate with one or more of theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d over an air interface 116, which may beany suitable wireless communication link (for example, radio frequency(RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.).The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio accesstechnology (RAT).

More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may bea multiple access system and may employ one or more channel accessschemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. Forexample, the base station 114 a in the RAN 104 and the WTRUs 102 a, 102b, 102 c may implement a radio technology such as Universal MobileTelecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), whichmay establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMAmay include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access(HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed DownlinkPacket Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

In another embodiment, the base station 114 a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102b, 102 c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTSTerrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A).

In other embodiments, the base station 114 a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.16 (i.e.,Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000,CDMA2000 1×, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), InterimStandard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System forMobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

The base station 114 b in FIG. 1A may be a wireless router, Home Node B,Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitableRAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such asa place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, and the like. In oneembodiment, the base station 114 b and the WTRUs 102 c, 102 d mayimplement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wirelesslocal area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, the base station 114 band the WTRUs 102 c, 102 d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yetanother embodiment, the base station 114 b and the WTRUs 102 c, 102 dmay utilize a cellular-based RAT (for example, WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM,LTE, LTE-A, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG.1A, the base station 114 b may have a direct connection to the Internet110. Thus, the base station 114 b may not be required to access theInternet 110 via the core network 106.

The RAN 104 may be in communication with the core network 106, which maybe any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications,and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more ofthe WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d. For example, the core network 106may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-basedservices, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution,etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as userauthentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciatedthat the RAN 104 and/or the core network 106 may be in direct orindirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as theRAN 104 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connectedto the RAN 104, which may be utilizing an E-UTRA radio technology, thecore network 106 may also be in communication with another RAN (notshown) employing a GSM radio technology.

The core network 106 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, 102 d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/orother networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephonenetworks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks anddevices that use common communication protocols, such as thetransmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) andthe internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. Thenetworks 112 may include wired or wireless communications networks ownedand/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks112 may include another core network connected to one or more RANs,which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 or a different RAT.

Some or all of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d in thecommunications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities, i.e., theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d may include multiple transceivers forcommunicating with different wireless networks over different wirelesslinks. For example, the WTRU 102 c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured tocommunicate with the base station 114 a, which may employ acellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114 b, whichmay employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

FIG. 1B is a system diagram of an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1B,the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, atransmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, adisplay/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, apower source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, andother peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 mayinclude any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remainingconsistent with an embodiment.

The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purposeprocessor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), aplurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in associationwith a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application SpecificIntegrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs)circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine,and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, dataprocessing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any otherfunctionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wirelessenvironment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120,which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1Bdepicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separatecomponents, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and thetransceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package orchip.

The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signalsto, or receive signals from, a base station (for example, the basestation 114 a) over the air interface 116. For example, in oneembodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antennaconfigured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In another embodiment,the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configuredto transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, forexample. In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 maybe configured to transmit and receive both RF and light signals. It willbe appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configuredto transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.

In addition, although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted inFIG. 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number oftransmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 mayemploy MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 mayinclude two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (for example, multipleantennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the airinterface 116.

The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that areto be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulatethe signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. Asnoted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, thetransceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as UTRA and IEEE 802.11, forexample.

The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receiveuser input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/orthe display/touchpad 128 (for example, a liquid crystal display (LCD)display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). Theprocessor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124,the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, theprocessor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any typeof suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or theremovable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may includerandom-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or anyother type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 mayinclude a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, asecure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, theprocessor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memorythat is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or ahome computer (not shown).

The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and maybe configured to distribute and/or control the power to the othercomponents in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitabledevice for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 mayinclude one or more dry cell batteries (for example, nickel-cadmium(NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion(Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which maybe configured to provide location information (for example, longitudeand latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. Inaddition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136,the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116from a base station (for example, base stations 114 a, 114 b) and/ordetermine its location based on the timing of the signals being receivedfrom two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that theWTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitablelocation-determination method while remaining consistent with anembodiment.

The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, whichmay include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provideadditional features, functionality and/or wired or wirelessconnectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include anaccelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera(for photographs or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, avibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, aBluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digitalmusic player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internetbrowser, and the like.

FIG. 1C is a system diagram of the RAN 104 and the core network 106according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ anE-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communicationwith the core network 106.

The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c, though it will beappreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs whileremaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment,the eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c may implement MIMO technology. Thus,the eNode-B 140 a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmitwireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102 a.

Each of the eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c may be associated with aparticular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radioresource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of usersin the uplink and/or downlink, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, theeNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c may communicate with one another over an X2interface.

The core network 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility managemententity gateway (MME) 142, a serving gateway 144, and a packet datanetwork (PDN) gateway 146. While each of the foregoing elements aredepicted as part of the core network 106, it will be appreciated thatany one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entityother than the core network operator.

The MME 142 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 cin the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. Forexample, the MME 142 may be responsible for authenticating users of theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting aparticular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, and the like. The MME 142 may also provide a control planefunction for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown)that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM or WCDMA.

The serving gateway 144 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 140 a,140 b, 140 c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The serving gateway144 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs102 a, 102 b, 102 c. The serving gateway 144 may also perform otherfunctions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers,triggering paging when downlink data is available for the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c, and the like.

The serving gateway 144 may also be connected to the PDN gateway 146,which may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c with access topacket-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitatecommunications between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c and IP-enableddevices.

The core network 106 may facilitate communications with other networks.For example, the core network 106 may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, tofacilitate communications between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c andtraditional land-line communications devices. For example, the corenetwork 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (forexample, an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as aninterface between the core network 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition,the core network 106 may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c withaccess to the networks 112, which may include other wired or wirelessnetworks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.

Other network 112 may further be connected to an IEEE 802.11 basedwireless local area network (WLAN) 160. The WLAN 160 may include anaccess router 165. The access router may contain gateway functionality.The access router 165 may be in communication with a plurality of accesspoints (APs) 170 a, 170 b. The communication between access router 165and APs 170 a, 170 b may be via wired Ethernet (IEEE 802.3 standards),or any type of wireless communication protocol. AP 170 a is in wirelesscommunication over an air interface with WTRU 102 d.

With new applications emerging for cellular technology, the importanceof supporting higher data rates, lower latency, and massive connectivitycontinues to increase. For example, the importance of supportingenhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB) communications, Ultra-Reliable andLow-Latency Communications (URLLC) and massive Machine TypeCommunications (mMTC) continues to increase. When multiple applicationswith differing goals may be supported, developing effective means formultiplexing different services in a radio access network becomesincreasingly important.

Wireless communication systems using the Orthogonal Frequency-DivisionMultiplexing (OFDM) waveform, such as 3GPP LTE and IEEE 802.11, may usea fixed numerology of the OFDM waveform across the allocated systembandwidth. However, with new applications and usage scenarios emergingfor cellular technology, the use of mixed numerology may be anattractive way to support different services in the same channel. Asused herein, numerology may refer to one or more of the following:sub-carrier spacing, OFDM symbol length, or cyclic prefix (CP) overhead.A resource element may refer to a resource defined by one subcarrier andone symbol.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of in-band use of mixednumerology in a waveform operating in adjacent partitions in a channelbandwidth. As shown in an example in diagram 200, three numerologies maybe used by three different types of communications. For example, a firstnumerology 210 may be used for eMBB and include resource elements, suchas resource element 220, which have a first sub-carrier spacing and afirst OFDM symbol duration. Further, a second numerology 230 may be usedfor URLLC and include resource elements, such as resource element 240,which have a second sub-carrier spacing and a second OFDM symbolduration. In addition, a third numerology 250 may be used for mMTC andinclude resource elements, such as resource element 260, which have athird sub-carrier spacing and a third OFDM symbol duration.

The OFDM waveform may have high side-lobes in the frequency domain, andhigh out-of-band (00B) emissions. If OFDM signals with mixed waveformnumerology are transmitted adjacent to each other in the same frequencychannel, inter-numerology interference may occur. In the spectraldomain, the side-lobes of one numerology may decay slowly with frequency(as a function of 1/f), and may create interference to the sub-carriersof the other numerology in the adjacent partition. This interference mayseverely degrade the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the adjacentpartition, thus limiting the system performance. For example, theinterference may limit the data rates that can be attained.

In other scenarios, the system may operate in frequency selectivechannels, whereby there may be a significant SNR variability within thesystem bandwidth. Additionally, parts of the channel may suffer frommore interference than others. Relying on traditional scheduling tomitigate this SNR variability may not be sufficient for the usagescenarios considered for fifth generation (5G) applications.

In other scenarios, the system may operate in frequency selectivechannels with non-negligible delay spread. In these scenarios, whenthere may be transitions or discontinuities at the beginning of asub-frame or transmission time interval (TTI), the first symbol of thetransmission may be impacted by interference, and the receivedsignal-to-noise and interference (SINR) ratio for that symbol may bedegraded. In examples, the first symbol may be the first OFDM symbol orthe first Discrete Fourier Transform-Spread-OrthogonalFrequency-Division Multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) symbol.

Solutions are therefore needed to improve the system performance andspectral efficiency when mixed OFDM waveform numerologies are used inadjacent partitions in the same channel, or when significant SNRvariability is encountered within the system bandwidth. Embodiments,examples and solutions described herein may be applied to scenarios withan uneven distribution of SNR within the channel bandwidth, including,but not limited to, mixed numerologies. Examples and embodiments areincluded herein for downlink (DL) transmissions; however, one ofordinary skill in the art will appreciate that DL transmissions may beused in non-limiting examples of applications. Accordingly, the examplesand embodiments may apply to uplink (UL), sidelink (SL) and the like,and still be consistent with the solutions described herein. The termsUL and/or SL may be substituted for DL in the examples and embodimentsdescribed herein, and still be consistent with the solutions describedherein. In some embodiments and examples, the terms downlink controlinformation (DCI), control information, control channel, controlmessage, may be used interchangeably and still be consistent with thesolutions described herein.

Discussed herein are methods, apparatuses, and systems for improvingsystem performance and spectral efficiency when using mixed OFDMwaveform numerologies in adjacent partitions in a single channel.Example methods, apparatuses, and systems include mapping a lower ordermodulation for first resources that are close to a partition edge, andmapping a higher order modulation for second resources closer to thecenter of the partition and away from the partition edge.

In a specific example, a WTRU may map a first set of bits in a firstcodeword to a higher order modulation scheme and a second set of bits inthe first codeword to a lower order modulation scheme. The WTRU may thentransmit the first codeword. An eNode-B may then receive the firstcodeword. Further, the WTRU may determine that data of the firstcodeword is to be re-transmitted on a second codeword, which may containthe same number of bits as the first codeword. Then, the WTRU may map afirst set of bits in the second codeword to the lower order modulationscheme and a second set of bits in the second codeword to the higherorder modulation scheme. The first set of bits of the second codewordmay contain the same number of bits as the second set of bits of thefirst codeword and may contain at least a subset of data in the firstset of bits of the first codeword. The WTRU may then transmit the secondcodeword. The eNode-B may then receive the second codeword.

Additional further examples include assigning a first codeword to aspatial layer, wherein the first codeword is mapped in the frequencydomain to first resource blocks (RBs) at a partition edge, and whereinthe first codeword is be configured to use a robust modulation andcoding scheme (MCS). Additional examples include assigning a secondcodeword to the spatial layer, wherein the second codeword is mapped inthe frequency domain to second RBs located toward the center of thepartition, and wherein the second codeword is configured to use a moreaggressive MCS; and multiplexing the first codeword and the secondcodeword in a Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) fashion.

Further, discussed herein are example methods, apparatuses, and systemsfor improving system performance and spectral efficiency when usingmixed OFDM waveform numerologies in adjacent partitions in a singlechannel. Examples may include performing demodulation reference signal(DMRS) based beamforming on a band edge to minimize interference on thedirection of a WTRU of an adjacent service and maximize a transmissionefficiency for the service's own WTRU.

Also, herein are example methods, apparatuses, and systems for reducingthe impact of interference on the accuracy of the channel estimation ina system with mixed numerology. Examples may include introducing anadditional power offset setting for band-edge transmissions; using adifferent set of power settings for demodulation of reference signalsrequired for channel estimation; and applying the power boosting for thereference signals on reference resource elements (REs) located on theband-edge.

In addition, discussed herein are methods, apparatuses, and systems forsynchronization downlink transmission for mixed numerology systems withflexible channel bandwidths. Examples may include using a commonnumerology region to carry synchronization signals (SSs), wherein thecommon numerology region is accessible to WTRUs using a first numerologyand WTRUs using a second numerology.

Moreover, discussed herein are methods, apparatuses, and systems forimproving uplink transmission performance in mixed numerology systems.Examples may include transmitting an uplink control channel usingdifferent frequency resources from different antennas. Examples mayinclude lowering a coding rate of control information transmitted inpartition edge regions. Examples may include transmitting controlinformation on resources that are not mapped partition edge.

Other examples discussed herein are methods, apparatuses, and systemsfor reducing uneven SINR distribution across a sub-frame. Examples mayinclude configuring a first one or more symbols of the sub-frame to usea lower order modulation and configuring a remainder of symbols of thesub-frame to use a higher order modulation.

The following description may include examples of variable modulationorders within a resource assignment. In an example, mapping variablemodulation orders for a single transport block (TB) assignment may bedisclosed.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of the use of variablemodulation orders within a TB. As shown in an example in diagram 300,for a single TB assignment to a WTRU, the modulation mapping may use alower order modulation for the resources that are close to the partitionedge. In addition, a higher order modulation may be used for theresources closer to the center of the partition and away from thepartition edge to mitigate the SINR loss at the partition edge.

In an example shown in FIG. 3, within the resource assignment of onecodeword (CW) transmission, which may be transmitted on one TB on afirst partition 310 with a first numerology, resources, such as RBs 334,which are close to the partition edge may use a low order modulation tomitigate the SINR loss at the partition edge. In an example, the loworder modulation may be Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) at thepartition edge. The resources further away from the partition edge, suchas RBs 332, may be assigned a higher order modulation, such as16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or 64-QAM, if the channelconditions allow it. Similarly, for the resource assignment of one CW,which may be transmitted on one TB on a second partition 360 with asecond numerology, resources, such as RBs 384 close to the partitionedge may use a low order modulation, while the other RBs 382, furtheraway from the partition edge, may use a higher order modulation.

As shown in FIG. 3, frequency in the horizontal axis may be plottedagainst SINR in the horizontal axis. Such a plot may show that theresources closest to the partition edge on both sides of the partitionhave a lower SINR than resources further away from the partition edge.This SINR degradation is due to interference as a result of thenumerology partition. For example, RBs 334 with an SINR curve 350 andRBs 384 with an SINR curve 355 may have lower SINRs than RBs 332 with anSINR curve 320 and RBs 382 with an SINR curve 370. A similar plot, notshown, may be created with time plotted against SINR for the RBs in FIG.3. Such a plot may similarly show that the resources closer to thepartition edge on both sides of the partition have a lower SINR thanresources further away from the partition edge.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a variablemodulation order mapping for a single layer, single antennatransmission. Mapping different modulation orders to different RBs, asdescribed in the above example, may be achieved for single layertransmission using the example shown in block diagram 400. Block diagram400 also shows an example of mapping different modulation orders todifferent RBs for single antenna transmission.

For example, input bits may be input into a channel coding block 410 forcoding. The coded bits available at the output of the channel codingblock 410 may be mapped to modulation symbols using a “ModulationMapper” block. For example, a subset of the coded bits may be processedby a high order modulation mapper block 430 and mapped to the IFFT inputto the sub-carriers close to the partition center 455, when output by aresource element mapper 440. The remaining subset of the coded bits maybe processed by the low order modulation mapper block 420 and mapped tothe IFFT input to the sub-carriers close to the partition edge 450, whenoutput by a resource element mapper 440. An OFDM symbol generator 470may then receive the mapped bits and generate corresponding OFDMsymbols.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of changing the modulationmapping for re-transmission. When re-transmissions of the transportblock are needed, the transmitter may change the mapping order of thecoded bits. In an example, the transmitter may change the mapping orderof the coded bits in order to randomize the distribution of thepotential errors across the transport block. For example, the subsetthat was mapped to the partition edge using a low order modulationscheme for the new transmission may be mapped to the partition middle(which may be away from the partition edge) using a higher ordermodulation scheme for a re-transmission. In this way, during there-transmission, a different sub-set of the transport block bits may besubject to lower SINR (which may be at the partition edge), as comparedto the sub-set of bits subject to low SINR during the firsttransmission. This may result in randomizing the distribution of the biterrors across the transport block, which increases the diversity gain.In this way, different bits may be in error in the first transmissioncompared with the re-transmission. The new transmission may be atransmission of a codeword and the re-transmission may be are-transmission of the codeword.

In an example shown in diagram 500, for a new data transmission, thefirst N₁ bits 520 of the coded block of a codeword 510 may be mapped toa higher order modulation scheme, and the last N-N₁ bits 530 of thecoded block of the codeword 510 may be mapped to a lower ordermodulation scheme. For the re-transmission, for example when the sameamount of resources are allocated as for the new data transmission, thefirst N-N₁ bits 560 of the coded block of the codeword 550 may be mappedto the lower order modulation scheme, while the last N₁ bits 570 may bemapped to the higher order modulation scheme.

In this way, the number of bits using each modulation scheme remains thesame in the new data transmission of a codeword and in there-transmission of the codeword. For example, both N-N₁ bits 530 andN-N₁ bits 560 contain the same number of bits and may be transmittedusing the lower order modulation scheme. Likewise, N₁ bits 520 and N₁bits 570 contain the same number of bits and may be transmitted usingthe higher order modulation scheme. The change in the sequentialprocessing of the coded bits, for example, high order modulationfollowed by low order modulation for a new data transmission and loworder modulation followed by high order modulation for are-transmission, may be either pre-defined, or signaled within the DCI.

FIG. 6 is flowchart diagram of an example of changing the modulationmapping for re-transmission. In an example shown in flowchart 600, aWTRU may map a first set of bits in a first codeword to a higher ordermodulation scheme and a second set of bits in the first codeword to alower order modulation scheme 620. The WTRU may then transmit the firstcodeword 630. An eNode-B may then receive the first codeword. Further,the WTRU may determine that data of the first codeword is to bere-transmitted on a second codeword 640, which may contain the samenumber of bits as the first codeword. Then, the WTRU may map a first setof bits in the second codeword to the lower order modulation scheme anda second set of bits in the second codeword to the higher ordermodulation scheme 650. The first set of bits of the second codeword maycontain the same number of bits as the second set of bits of the firstcodeword and may contain at least a subset of data in the first set ofbits of the first codeword. The WTRU may then transmit the secondcodeword 660. The eNode-B may then receive the second codeword.

In a further example, the WTRU may receive an assignment message from aneNode-B including instructions regarding partition determination andresource assignment. As a result, the WTRU may determine at least twopartitions of bandwidth for wireless communication based on theassignment message, wherein each of the at least two partitions havediffering symbol periods, differing subcarrier spacing or both. Further,the WTRU may assign RBs of the at least two partitions based on theassignment message, wherein RBs of a partition close in at least one oftime resources and frequency resources to an adjacent partition areassigned the lower modulation scheme, and wherein the first codeword istransmitted using assigned RBs. In an example, a first partition mayhave a first numerology and a second partition may have a secondnumerology.

Further, a base station, such as an eNode-B, may determine that data ofthe first codeword is to be re-transmitted based on a low SINR ratio ofthe transmitted first codeword. In an example, the eNode-B may make thedetermination based on other considerations in addition to or instead ofthe SINR ratio. The eNode-B may transmit a message to the WTRU includinginstructions to re-transmit data of the first codeword. The WTRU maythen determine that data of the first codeword is to be re-transmittedis based on receiving the message from the eNode-B. In addition, themapping the bits of the codewords may be based on at least one ofpre-defined processing, dynamically signaled processing and processingsignaled in DCI.

In another example, an eNode-B may map a first set of bits in a firstcodeword to a higher order modulation scheme and a second set of bits inthe first codeword to a lower order modulation scheme. The eNode-B maythen transmit the first codeword. A WTRU may then receive the firstcodeword. Further, the eNode-B may determine that data of the firstcodeword is to be re-transmitted on a second codeword, which may containthe same number of bits as the first codeword. Then, the eNode-B may mapa first set of bits in the second codeword to the lower order modulationscheme and a second set of bits in the second codeword to the higherorder modulation scheme. The first set of bits of the second codewordmay contain the same number of bits as the second set of bits of thefirst codeword and may contain at least a subset of data in the firstset of bits of the first codeword. The eNode-B may then transmit thesecond codeword. The WTRU may then receive the second codeword.

In an additional example, the eNode-B may determine at least twopartitions of bandwidth for wireless communication, wherein each of theat least two partitions have differing symbol periods, differingsubcarrier spacing or both. Further, the eNode-B may assign RBs of theat least two partitions, wherein RBs of a partition close in at leastone of time resources and frequency resources to an adjacent partitionare assigned the lower modulation scheme, and wherein the first codewordis transmitted using assigned RBs. In an example, a first partition mayhave a first numerology and a second partition may have a secondnumerology. In an example, the eNode-B may generate and transmit, to theWTRU, an assignment message including instructions regarding thepartition determination and the resource assignment.

Moreover, an eNode-B may determine that data of the first codeword is tobe re-transmitted based on a low SINR ratio of the transmitted firstcodeword. In an example, the eNode-B may make the determination based onother considerations in addition to or instead of the SINR ratio. TheeNode-B may then re-transmit the data on the second codeword. Inaddition, the mapping the bits of the codewords may be based on at leastone of pre-defined processing, dynamically signaled processing andprocessing signaled in DCI.

The following examples may include metrics used for variable modulationorder per TB. In examples, if a base station assigns both partition edgeand partition center resources, such as RBs, for a single TBtransmission to a WTRU, the base station may select the MCS based on thechannel state reports, or more specifically the channel qualityindicators (CQIs) reported by the user. The granularity of CQI reportedmay depend on the type of channel state reports, such as aperiodic vs.periodic, wideband vs. WTRU-selected.

For example, the WTRU may provide a single CQI report based on theentire cell bandwidth, as in the case of an aperiodic wideband report.In another example, the WTRU may divide the total system (for example,component carrier) bandwidth into several parts and provide the widebandCQI for each bandwidth part as well as the best subset of RBs (orsubband) within that bandwidth part. In yet another example, the WTRUmay choose to report the CQIs for only a certain set of subbands. Thechoice of subbands may be WTRU-selected, in which case these subbandsmay be its best subbands, or network configured.

If the base station assigns both partition edge and partition centerresources (RBs) for a single TB transmission from a WTRU, the basestation may select the MCS based on the channel state reports or channelmeasurements. The base station may measure the channel by usingreference signals transmitted by the WTRU. For example the base stationmay measure sounding reference signals transmitted by the WTRU. Thetransmission parameters of the reference signals transmitted ondifferent parts of the partition may be different. For example,reference signals transmitted on the edges may have higher power thanthe reference signals transmitted in the middle of the partition.

In addition to channel state reports and/or measurements, the basestation may utilize various other parameters when determining the choiceof modulation order for each RB or group of RBs. The other parametersmay include, for example, a set of available resources, amount of datathat needs to be transmitted, and the like. Depending on theavailability and granularity of the CQI reports, as described above, thebase station may have the flexibility to utilize a wide variety of CQIreports as well as the total number of resources (RBs) available whenselecting the modulation order for each set (for example, partition edgeor partition center) of resources for this TB. The CQI reports mayinclude, for example, wideband and best subband CQIs of each bandwidthpart and the like.

The base station may choose to utilize the same modulation order forboth partition edge and partition center resources if, for example, thegroup of RBs assigned in each partition have similar CQI values. Thismay occur if the resources assigned in each partition are amongst thebest subbands as described above, or if wideband CQIs reported for eachpartition are utilized and the reported wideband CQIs for each partitionare similar.

In another scenario, for example when resource availability is not aconstraining factor, or if the base station only has a small amount ofdata to transmit, it may select the lower, more conservative MCS forboth partition edge and partition center resources. In such a scenario,the MCS may be chosen based on CQI of the boundary edge resources.

The following examples may include signaling the variable modulationorder to the WTRU. In addition, examples which follow may includecalculating the TBS for assignments with variable modulation order.

A WTRU or group of WTRUs may be configured semi-statically, for example,via higher layer signaling, with one or more of the followingparameters. In an example, a parameter may be a region in the frequencydomain, for example, RBs, where a particular modulation type, forexample QPSK, may be used. A parameter may be a particular modulationtype to use, for example QPSK. A parameter may be enabling or disablingthe use of multiple modulation types for a transport block.

Using control signaling, such as, for example the DCI, the base stationmay dynamically signal one or more of the following information to theWTRU or group of WTRUs. For example, information from which the WTRU maydetermine the coding rate or the transport block size (TBS) may besignaled by the base station. In another example, information from whichthe WTRU may determine at least one modulation type may be signaled. Ina further example, information from which the WTRU may determine the RB,or resources, for the assigned TB may be signaled.

For example, when a single modulation order is utilized for the TB,existing L1/L2 control signaling may be used to inform the WTRU of thevarious transmission parameters. The transmission parameters mayinclude, for example, MCS and RB allocation. For example, DCI format 1may be utilized in the case where assigned partition center andpartition edge resources are non-contiguous, whereas the more compactDCI format 1A may be utilized for the case where the assigned resourcesare contiguous.

FIG. 7 is a chart illustrating an example of signaling the offset formodulation order selection for partition edge resources. In an exampleshown in chart 700, when the base station selects two modulation ordersfor the resources, the control information may carry the MCS informationfor the partition center resources 710. The information for themodulation order of the partition edge resources 750 may be signaled inthe same message, as an offset to the MCS information of the centerresources. In an example, the offset may be represented using a N-bitvalue (for example, a bit map), whereby a zero value for the offsetindicates a constant modulation order within the TB and the non-zerovalues point to the specific row of the modulation table for PDSCH to beused for the partition edge resources, as shown in FIG. 7. For example,the signaled MCS information for the partition center resources 710 mayinclude a modulation order of 4 and a code rate of about 0.4. Further,the signaled offset for the modulation order of the partition edgeresources 750 may include a modulation order of 2 and a code rate ofabout 0.4. In an example, the standard mapping of the MCS to code rateand modulation type may be used.

In another example, when the base station selects two differentmodulation orders for the resources within the same TB, the base stationmay use L1/L2 control signaling to signal the MCS for the resourcesmapped to the center or the partition and the MCS for the resourcesmapped to the partition edge. In examples, the resources may be resourceblocks or resource block groups.

In another example, the base station may signal the MCS for theresources mapped to the center of the partition and may signal themodulation order and the coding rate for the resources mapped to thepartition edge. The base station may signal the MCS for the center RBsand only signal the coding rate for the pre-configured RBs if, forexample, the WTRU is semi-statically configured to use a particularmodulation type in a particular region in the frequency domain. In thiscase, the WTRU may use the resource allocation to autonomously determineif any of the allocated RBs are in the semi-statically configuredregion. If so, it may use the semi-statically configured modulationorder to map/de-map the symbols, calculate the TBS for the forward errorcorrection (FEC) encoder/decoder processing, and the like.

In another example, the DCI that carries the MCS signaling for thecenter RBs and for the edge RBs may signal the resource blockallocation. For example, the DCI may indicate the number of and locationof partition edge RBs that may be configured for a lower ordermodulation.

When a WTRU is either dynamically signaled or semi-statically configuredto use multiple different modulation orders in a transport block, one ormore of the following may apply, which may use parameters. The WTRU maydetermine whether to use one modulation type or multiple modulationtypes for transmitting the data in the UL or for receiving the data inthe DL. In an example, the multiple modulation types may be twomodulation types. The WTRU may make the determination based on at leastone of the following: whether or not use of multiple modulation typeshas been enabled, and the location of the RBs (for example, for thefrequency location). For example, the WTRU may use multiple modulationtypes when the frequency location of some of the allocated RBs is in aparticular location. The particular location may be the edge of theband, within x kilohertz (kHz) from the edge of the band, or configuredby higher layer signaling.

The WTRU may use at least one of the transmission parameters that may besignaled to determine the transport block size, for example, for the FECcoding chain, decoding chain, or both. The transmission parameters mayinclude at least one of the following: an MCS for a first set of RBs(for example, the center RBs), an MCS for a second set of RBs (forexample, the edge RBs), a modulation order for a second set of RBs, acoding rate corresponding to the bits mapped to the second set of RBs,an offset of the coding rate for the second set of RBs with respect tothe coding rate corresponding to the first set of RBs, and aresource-block allocation. The resource-block allocation may becontiguous and the WTRU may autonomously determine which of theallocated RBs may be in the second set of RBs. In an example, the secondset of RBs may be edge RBs. The resource-block allocation may benon-contiguous and the WTRU may use separate indications for the RBallocation for the first set of RBs and for the second set of RBs.

For example, if the base station signals the MCS for the first set ofRBs, the MCS for the second set of RBs, and the RB allocation, the WTRUmay determine the number of RBs in the first set, the number of RBs inthe second set, and use a pre-defined mapping to determine the transportblock size that may be supported by the first set of RBs and thetransport block size that may be supported by a second set of RBs tocalculate the effective TBS that may be used.

In another example, if the base station signals the MCS for the firstset of RBs and the modulation order for the second set of RBs, the WTRUmay determine the number of RBs in the first set, the number of RBs inthe second set, and may use a pre-defined mapping to determine thetransport block size that may be supported by the first set of RBs. TheWTRU may then determine the approximate coding rate supported by thefirst set of RBs, and use that first coding rate, in conjunction withthe modulation type and the number of RBs in the second set, tocalculate the TBS that may be supported in the second set of RBs. TheTBS for the second set of RBs may be then selected from a mapping table,as the nearest TBS smaller than the value calculated before. One ofordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other examples of how theWTRU may make the determination of the total TBS to be used jointly forthe first and the second set of RBs are possible, and still consistentwith this invention.

In the examples and embodiments described herein, MCS may refer to themodulation and coding set, which may be used to signal to the WTRU themodulation order and a parameter that may be used to derive the TBSand/or the coding rate. The parameter may be, for example, I_TBS. TheMCS is used in non-limiting examples. Other information may besubstituted for MCS to signal to the WTRU the modulation order, thecoding rate, and/or the TBS, and still be consistent with examplesdescribed herein.

In examples, FDM of multiple codewords in a TTI may be performed. In anexample, two codewords may be assigned to the same spatial layer, andmultiplexed in an FDM fashion, for example when a large amount of dataneeds to be transmitted to a node, which may require a large number ofRBs to be assigned to that transmission. A large amount of data may needto be transmitted to a node in several examples, such as for DL from abase station to a WTRU, for UL from a WTRU to the base station, or forWTRU to WTRU links. In an example, the first codeword may be mapped inthe frequency domain to the RBs at the partition-edge and may beconfigured to use a robust MCS. This may mitigate the SNR loss due tothe inter-numerology interference. The second codeword assigned to thesame WTRU or node may be mapped in the frequency domain to the RBslocated toward the center of the numerology partition and may beconfigured to use a more aggressive MCS, which may help achieve higherthroughput. The more aggressive MCS may include, for example higherorder modulation, higher coding rate, and the like.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of FDM transmission of twocodewords on a single layer. As shown in an example in diagram 800, twoadjacent partitions may use different numerologies. In this example, afirst WTRU may be assigned data in a first partition 810 using a firstnumerology, and a second WTRU may be assigned data on a second partition860 using a second numerology. At the boundary between the partitions810, 860, the SINR may decrease. This decrease is shown in FIG. 8, whichshows frequency in the horizontal axis may be plotted against SINR inthe horizontal axis, in a similar fashion to that shown in FIG. 3. Sucha plot may show that the resources closest to the partition edge on bothsides of the partition have a lower SINR than resources further awayfrom the partition edge. This SINR degradation is due to interference asa result of the numerology partition. For example, Codeword B 840 withan SINR curve 850 and Codeword C 880 with an SINR curve 855 may havelower SINRs than Codeword A 830 with an SINR curve 820 and Codeword D890 with an SINR curve 870. A similar plot, not shown, may be createdwith time plotted against SINR for the Codewords 830, 840, 880, 890.Such a plot may similarly show that the resources closer to thepartition edge on both sides of the partition have a lower SINR thanresources further away from the partition edge.

As shown in FIG. 8, the first WTRU may be assigned Codeword B 840 thatis mapped in the frequency domain to the RB adjacent to the partitionboundary and uses a robust MCS selection. The robust MCS selection maybe, for example, a low order modulation, such as QPSK, and a low codingrate. At the same time resources (such as in the same TTI), the firstWTRU may also be assigned Codeword A 830 that is mapped in the frequencydomain in the center of the partition and may use an aggressive MCSselection. The aggressive MCS selection may be, for example a highermodulation order, such as 16-QAM, 64-QAM or higher, and a high codingrate. Similarly, for the second WTRU, which may be assigned data usingthe second numerology, Codeword C 880 may be mapped close to thepartition boundary, and may use a robust MCS selection. Codeword D 890that may also be assigned to the second WTRU may be mapped closer to thecenter of the partition and may use a more aggressive MCS selection.Control channels may use a more robust MCS selection. For example, afirst control channel may use control region resources in the firstpartition 825 and may use a more robust MCS selection. Also, a secondcontrol channel may use control region resources in the second partition875 and may similarly use a more robust MCS selection.

In an example, the parameters of the second codeword may be derived fromthe parameters of the first codeword. For example, the WTRU may besemi-statically configured to use a certain number of RBs located in acertain part of the system bandwidth. The certain part of the systembandwidth may be, for example, 4 RBs at the band edge. These resourcesmay be used for mapping the second codeword, and thus the base stationmay only need to signal the MCS for the second codeword, in addition tothe control information for the first codeword.

In an example, some portions of a channel bandwidth may be allocated tore-transmissions of codewords that are not received successfully. Forexample, the edges of the channel partitions, where partitions may beconfigured to be used for the transmission of waveforms with differentnumerologies, may be allocated for re-transmissions. The size of thepartition edge may be determined by a central controller, such as a basestation, and signaled in a control channel, configured, or both. Thesize of the partition edge may be expressed in terms of Hertz (Hz),number of subcarriers, number of resource blocks, or another measure.

In another example, some portions of a channel bandwidth may beallocated to transmit additional bits of a codeword. The informationbits of a data stream may be encoded and later processed by a ratematching operation which selects certain bits from the output of thechannel encoder, where the selected bits may be further processed fortransmission. One partition of a channel bandwidth may further bedivided into two or more sub-partitions. For example, one or more of theedges of the partition may constitute a sub-partition. The number ofbits at the output of the rate matching block may be decided based onthe resources available in a subset of sub-partitions.

For some WTRUs, the rate matching process may be configured to produceadditional bits where the additional bits may be transmitted in thoseresources of other sub-partitions. For example, if the channel bandwidthis divided into two partitions as shown in FIG. 8, each partition may befurther divided into two sub-partitions where one of the sub-partitionsconsists of resources at the edge of a partition. In an example, theedge of a partition may have N subcarriers while the remaining part hasM subcarriers. The rate matching operation may be performed such thatthe number of bits at the output of the rate matching may fit into Msubcarriers. In one method, the rate matching operation may outputadditional bits that may fit into N subcarriers.

In examples, a mixed Cell-Specific Reference Signal (CRS) and DMRS basedtransmission mode may be used. In a transmission with mixed numerology,the inter-numerology interference may impact the quality of transmissionespecially at the band edge, or partition edge, of a given serviceallocation where there is a transition from one numerology to another.The resulting interference may be mutual, however it may have a largerimpact from the service with a larger subcarrier spacing on the servicewith a smaller subcarrier spacing.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of an interference model forthe band-edge. As shown in an example in diagram 900, there may be aband-edge or a partition-edge between two services. One way tocompensate for the incurred loss at the band-edge may be to takeadvantage of WTRU-specific beamforming by employing DMRS-basedbeamforming on the band-edge regardless of the transmission mode in theremaining part of the band. The beamforming on the band-edge may be doneby both services to minimize the interference 970, 980 on the directionof the WTRU of the other service and maximizing the transmissionefficiency for the service's own WTRU. FIG. 9 shows an exampleinterference model for the case for two adjacent services, namely, S1and S2 and having different subcarrier spacing.

For the example case shown in FIG. 9, a transmit beamforming procedurecan be devised as follows. A WTRU1 910 and a WTRU2 920 may performchannel measurements to provide implicit or explicit information. Onchannel response H₁₁, there may be a channel response for WTRU1 910 forits desired service S₁. The desired service S₁ may be transmitted on anumerology 1. On channel response H₂₁, there may be a channel responsefor WTRU1 910, from the interference service S₂. Service S₂ may betransmitted on a numerology 2. On channel response H₁₂, there may be achannel response for WTRU2 920, from the interference service S₁,transmitted on numerology 1. On channel response H₂₂, there may be achannel response for WTRU2 920 for its desired service S₂, transmittedon numerology 2. In some cases, it may be assumed that H₁=H₁₁=H₂₁ andH₂=H₁₂=H₂₂, for example when the difference between the subcarrierspacing is not large.

Using the measurements provided by the WTRUs, the base station mayperform beamforming to: minimize the interference generated by theservice Si to the other service, maximize the SNR of the intendedtransmission of service Si, minimize interference generated by serviceSi while constraining the SNR of the intended transmission of service Sjto be above a certain threshold, or maximize the intended transmissionof service Si, while constraining the interference generated by serviceSj to be below a certain threshold.

The base station may perform the beamforming to benefit both WTRUs, or,for example, to maximize the intended S₁ for WTRU1 910 while minimizingthe interference from S₂. Different beamforming mechanisms may be used,and an exemplary approach may be based on maximizing thesignal-to-leakage-noise (SLNR) ratio,

$\begin{matrix}{{SLNR}_{1} = \frac{{{H_{1}w_{1}}}^{2}}{{M_{1}\sigma_{1}^{2}} + {{H_{2}w_{1}}}^{2}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} (1)}\end{matrix}$

where M₁, σ₁ ² and w₁ represent a number of antennas at the WTRU1 910, anoise variance and a beamforming vector used by S₁, respectively. Thebeamforming vector w₁ may be defined as

w ₁∝max. eigenvector((M ₁σ₁ ² I+H ₂ ^(H) H ₂)⁻¹ H ₁ ^(H) H ₁)  Equation(2)

It should be noted that a similar solution for w₂ may be derived.

In another example, WTRU1 910 may use receive beamforming to mitigatethe impact of the interference on the band-edge. To design the receiverbeamforming, WTRU1 910 may require the direction of the interferencecreated by the other S2. One way to estimate the spatial direction ofthe interference on S1 may be as follows. WTRU1 910 may be configured toperform CSI-RS measurements on an inner subband immediately next to theband-edge. The base station may stop transmission on the band-edge ofS1. WTRU1 910 may now be configured to perform CSI-RS measurements onthe band-edge of S1. WTRU1 910 may compare the measurements from thefirst step against the measurements in the third step to estimate thedirection of the beamforming vector intended for the adjacentinterfering band.

In a further example, the WTRU may be configured to perform CSI-RSmeasurement on the band-edge. The WTRU may report the level of theobserved interference to estimate the CQI.

In examples, power boosting for REs may be used. The power of the cellspecific reference signals may be adjusted according to the selectivityand the quality of the channel to enable an accurate channel estimation.In LTE, the ratio between the CRS and data REs may be a cell specificparameter that can be changed to enable better channel estimation.

In a system with mixed numerology, the transmission of a system with awider subcarrier spacing may have a larger impact on the performance ofa system with a smaller subcarrier spacing, thereby causing interferenceon both data signals and reference signals. One way to reduce the impactof interference on the accuracy of channel estimation may be tointroduce additional power offset settings for band-edge transmissions.Therefore, a WTRU may be configured to use different sets of powersettings for demodulation of reference signals required for channelestimation. The power boosting for the reference signal may be appliedon all the reference REs located on the band-edge. Therefore, a WTRU maybe configured to use different sets of power settings for demodulationand proper use of reference REs located at the band-edge and inner RBs.

In another example, another way to reduce the impact of theinterference, may be to apply a power offset for all the REs located inthe RB or RBs of the band-edge. The increased allocated power forband-edge power boosting may be supported from the power of inner RBsthat are not interfered by an adjacent service. Therefore, a WTRU may beconfigured to use different sets of power settings for demodulation ofall REs located at the band-edge and inner RBs. In case of additionalpower boosting for reference signals, a WTRU may need to apply theadditional power offset for demodulation of reference REs. The powerboosting techniques are applicable to any node that is transmitting on aband partition with varying qualities, including the base station,WTRUs, and the like.

In examples, downlink synchronization to support mixed numerology andflexible channel bandwidth may be used. In a cellular system,synchronization signals are typically used for the WTRU to achieveframe, sub-frame, slot, and symbol synchronization, identify the centerof the channel, and extract the physical (PHY) layer cell identity (ID).In LTE, there may be two types synchronization signals: a primarysynchronization signal (PSS) and a secondary synchronization signal(SSS). The PSS may be used to achieve sub-frame, slot, and symbolsynchronization in the time domain, identify the center of the channelbandwidth in the frequency domain, and deduce a pointer towards 1 of 3Physical layer Cell Identities (PCI). The SSS may be used to achieveradio frame synchronization and deduce a pointer towards 1 of 168Physical layer Cell Identity (PCI) groups. These synchronization signalsmay be placed in a set of resource elements that are at the center ofthe channels with certain rate.

Systems that are capable of deploying different OFDM numerologies mayrequire synchronization with some of the WTRUs in the network and,therefore, a synchronization signal (SS) and corresponding mechanisms.Since the SS may be used by WTRUs with mixed numerology capability, itwould be desirable to use one of the numerologies, which may be referredto as a common numerology, for the SS. The resources that carry the SScould also carry other signals that need to be broadcast to all, or agroup of, WTRUs. The other signals may include, for example, cellspecific reference signals. The common numerology may also carry WTRUspecific signals for reliable transmission and reception.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are signaling diagrams illustrating examples of theplacement of synchronization signals in a mixed numerologytime-frequency grid. Examples in signaling diagram 1000 are shown on agrid with frequency in the horizontal axis, time in the vertical axisand a frequency center of the channel shown by fc. Specifically,examples in FIGS. 10A and 10 B show two possible ways to allocate theresources for signals, including PSS and SSS, using a common numerologyand its coexistence with other numerologies in a channel. Although onlytwo other numerologies with symmetric allocation patterns are shown,there may be many different numerologies and patterns in general.

As shown in an example in FIG. 10A, a first numerology 1010A may be usedby a first group of WTRUs in a first part of a channel bandwidth and asecond numerology 1030A may be used by a second group of WTRUs in asecond part of the channel bandwidth. In an example, the firstnumerology 1010A may be used by URLLC WTRUs and the second numerology1030A may be used by mMTC WTRUs. A common numerology 1020A may be usedby an SSS 1050A and a PSS 1060A. In an example, the common numerology1020A may be used in a third part of the channel bandwidth between thefirst part of a channel bandwidth and the second part of a channelbandwidth. In an example, the common numerology 1020A may be the samenumerology as one of the first numerology 1010A and the secondnumerology 1030A. In another example, the common numerology 1020A may bea third numerology and may be different from the first numerology 1010Aand the second numerology 1030A. In an example, the common numerology1020A may be a fixed numerology. Further, the common numerology 1020Amay be independent of the first numerology 1010A and the secondnumerology 1030A.

As shown in an example in FIG. 10B and similarly to the example shown inFIG. 10A, a first numerology 1010B may be used by a first group of WTRUsin a first part of a channel bandwidth and a second numerology 1030B maybe used by a second group of WTRUs in a second part of the channelbandwidth. In an example, the first numerology 1010B may be used byURLLC WTRUs and the second numerology 1030B may be used by mMTC WTRUs. Acommon numerology 1020B may be used by an SSS 1050B and a PSS 1060B. Inan example, the common numerology 1020B may be used across the channelbandwidth, and in time resources between time resources used for thefirst numerology 1010B and the second numerology 1030B. In an example,the common numerology 1020B may be the same numerology as one of thefirst numerology 1010B and the second numerology 1030B. In anotherexample, the common numerology 1020B may be a third numerology and maybe different from the first numerology 1010B and the second numerology1030B. In an example, the common numerology 1020B may be a fixednumerology. Further, the common numerology 1020B may be independent ofthe first numerology 1010B and the second numerology 1030B.

For some scenarios, such as wide bandwidth scenarios, there may bemultiple common numerology regions, for example, to carry one or moresystem signals. The common numerology may be used in a common numerologyregion. Examples of system signals include synchronization signals,broadcast signals, and the like. The location of the common numerologyregions may be a function of the system bandwidth (for example, 200megahertz (MHz), up to 1 gigahertz (GHz) or 2 GHz) and/or the frequencyband (for example, the 28 GHz band). In an example, the commonnumerology regions may be equally spaced throughout the systembandwidth. The spacing and/or the number of common numerology regionsmay be a function of the system bandwidth and/or the frequency band.

When a WTRU searches for a cell, the WTRU may search according to afrequency raster (for example, 200 kHz for LTE). The frequency rastermay be a function of the frequency band. The location of the commonnumerology regions may be a function of the frequency raster.

Examples of WTRUs which may or may not use multiple numerologies includelow cost IoT devices. If some WTRUs in the network cannot use multiplenumerologies then the base station may transmit numerology specificsynchronization signals, which are allocated in the time-frequency gridin a similar manner as the ones shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B. The specificlocation of those SSs may be signaled from higher layers, in a static ordynamic way, so that those WTRUs can know where to find the SSs.

In examples, uplink control channel mappings for mixed numerologysystems may be used. Since the PUCCH resources may be mapped to theedges of the component carrier bandwidth, use of a mixed numerology mayadversely impact PUCCH transmissions. The format of the PUCCHtransmission, such as, for example, PUCCH Format 1 versus PUCCH Format2, may be utilized to determine the degree of robustness imparted forthe transmission.

For example, PUCCH Format 2 (used for channel state reports) may betransmitted closest to the edges of the uplink bandwidth, whereas PUCCHFormat 1 (used for HARQ reporting and scheduling requests) may be mappednext. Since PUCCH Format 2 is mapped to resources closest to the bandedges, these transmissions may have a greater susceptibility tointerference from the adjacent numerology.

One way to improve PUCCH performance may be to utilize multiple antennatransmit diversity when the WTRU has multiple transmit antennas. In sucha case, the WTRU may transmit the PUCCH using different frequencyresources from the different antennas. The WTRU may therefore improvePUCCH performance, albeit at the cost of using an increased number ofresources. The additional resources used need not be limited to thefrequency domain only, as in this example, but may also be extended toinclude additional resources in the time domain as well.

Another example by which to achieve higher robustness may be to lowerthe coding rate of the control information transmitted in thepartition-edge regions. In one example, control information may bespread over more subcarriers when transmitted on the band edges orpartition edges. In another example, control information may be repeatedwhen transmitted on the band edges or partition edges.

Another example may include transmitting the control information onresources that are not mapped to the band edges or partition edges. Forexample, if OFDM is used for the uplink transmission, a WTRU maytransmit its control information within its resources that wereallocated by a central controller. If the WTRU is not allocated anyresources, the control information may be transmitted on a reserved setof resources. If a single carrier waveform, such as DFT-s-OFDM, is usedfor the uplink transmission, a set of resources away from the band edgesmay be reserved for control channel transmission. One example by whichto indicate the set of resources allocated may include signaling theallocation to the WTRUs.

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of control channelallocation. In an example shown in diagram 1100, the number ofsubcarriers or number of groups of subcarriers that may be excluded frombeing used for control information transmission may be signaled. Inexamples, the size of a group of subcarriers may be pre-determined ordefined.

As shown in FIG. 11, a first partition 1110 may be used for a firstnumerology and a second partition 1160 may be used for a secondnumerology. In a control region, resources 1120 in the first partition1110 may be used for a first control channel and resources 1170 in thesecond partition 1160 may be used for a second control channel. CodewordA 1130 and Codeword B 1140 may be transmitted in the data region in thefirst partition 1110, and Codeword C 1180 and Codeword D 1190 may betransmitted in the data region in the second partition 1160. Resources1150 may be not used for the control channel.

In an example, k1 subcarriers in the first partition 1110 and k2subcarriers in the second partition 1160 may be excluded from being usedfor the control channel. In other words, k1 subcarriers and k2subcarriers in resources 1150 may be excluded from being used for thecontrol channel. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate thatin this example, the partitions may not have edges next to otherpartitions on the left and right sides, respectively. Therefore,subcarriers in those sides may not need to be excluded from being usedfor the control channel. However, in general, subcarriers on both sidesof the partition may be excluded.

The number of subcarriers k1 and k2 may be signaled by a centralcontroller at the time partition set up or configured semi-statically.In an example, only k1, k2, or another value may be signaled orconfigured and the corresponding other values may be computed from thesignaled value. For example, 180 MHz of spectrum may be excluded fromcontrol channel transmissions. The WTRU may compute that 180 MHzcorresponds to 12 subcarriers in a partition with 15 KHz subcarrierspacing and 36 subcarriers in a partition with 5 kHz subcarrier spacing.The excluded subcarriers may be used for the transmission of user dataor other less critical signals. For example, k1 subcarriers in resources1120, k2 subcarriers in resources 1150 may be used for the transmissionof user data or other less critical signals.

In examples, methods by which to mitigate uneven SINR distribution inthe time domain across a sub-frame/TTI may be used. In some scenarios,the SINR may be distributed unevenly in the time domain across asub-frame or a TTI. These scenarios may include, but may not be limitedto, the operation in frequency selective channel when there aretransitions from DTX (no transmission) to transmitting data, or whenfrequency hopping is used. In these cases, the first (or first few)symbols of the transmission after the discontinuity may be impacted byinterference, and the SINR may be lower at the beginning of thesub-frame/TTI than for the rest of the sub-frame/TTI.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating example methods for uneven time domainSINR distribution. In an example shown in diagram 1200, transitionsand/or discontinuities in TTI1 and TTI3 may result in reduced SINR orSINR degradation in the areas 1250 at the beginning of theTTI/sub-frame. In an example, the first (or the first few) OFDM,DFT-s-OFDM, or unique word (UW)/zero tail (ZT) DFT-s-OFDM symbols 1210of the sub-frame/TTI may be configured to use a lower modulation order.This may mitigate the SINR loss of the first OFDM symbols 1210. The restof the OFDM/DFT-s-OFDM symbols 1260 of the sub-frame/TTI may beconfigured for a higher modulation order.

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating example methods for uneven time domainSINR distribution per RB. In an example shown in diagram 1300, the first(one or a few) OFDM symbols 1310 of the sub-frame may use a low ordermodulation, such as Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) or QPSK, while theremaining symbols 1360 may use 16-QAM, 64-QAM or higher. Examples areshown in FIG. 13 for one resource block (RB).

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating example methods for uneven time andfrequency domain SINR distribution with a plurality of RBs. In anexample shown in diagram 1400, when an RB may be allocated in the closerto a partition edge, the REs 1410 in an RB that may be closer to thediscontinuity of the partition edge, both in the time domain and in thefrequency domain, may be allocated a lower modulation order. As shown inFIG. 14, a partition edge 1430 may be in the frequency domain and apartition edge 1440 may be in the time domain. In examples, thepartition edge may be the band edge in the frequency domain. Forexample, partition edge 1430 may be a band edge. The remaining REs 1460may be allocated a higher modulation order.

Although features and elements are described above in particularcombinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that eachfeature or element can be used alone or in any combination with theother features and elements. In addition, the methods described hereinmay be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmwareincorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computeror processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronicsignals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) andcomputer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storagemedia include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), arandom access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductormemory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removabledisks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks,and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association withsoftware may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for usein a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for use in a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: mapping a first set of bits in a first codeword to a higher order modulation scheme and a second set of bits in the first codeword to a lower order modulation scheme; transmitting the first set of bits in the first codeword at a first allocated power; and transmitting the second set of bits in the first codeword at a second allocated power.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second allocated power is greater than the first allocated power.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining the second allocated power based on power boosting the first allocated power.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving an assignment message from a base station including instructions regarding partition determination and resource assignment; and determining at least two partitions of bandwidth for wireless communication based on the assignment message, wherein each of the at least two partitions has differing symbol periods, differing subcarrier spacing or both.
 5. The method of the claim 4, further comprising: assigning resource blocks (RBs) of the at least two partitions based on the assignment message, wherein RBs of a partition closer in at least one of time resources and frequency resources to an adjacent partition are assigned the lower modulation scheme, and wherein the first codeword is transmitted using assigned RBs.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein a first partition has a first numerology and a second partition has a second numerology.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining that data of the first codeword is to be re-transmitted on a second codeword, wherein the second codeword contains the same number of bits as the first codeword; and transmitting the second codeword.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the mapping of the bits of the first codeword and a mapping of the bits of the second codeword is based on at least one of pre-defined processing.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the mapping of the bits of the first codeword and a mapping of the bits of the second codeword is based on dynamically signaled processing.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the mapping of the bits of the first codeword and a mapping of the bits of the second codeword is based on processing signaled in downlink control information (DCI).
 11. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) for use with mixed numerologies, the WTRU comprising: a processor; and a transceiver operatively coupled to the processor; wherein: the processor is configured to map a first set of bits in a first codeword to a higher order modulation scheme and a second set of bits in the first codeword to a lower order modulation scheme; the transceiver and the processor are configured to transmit the first set of bits in the first codeword at a first allocated power; and the transceiver and the processor are configured to transmit the second set of bits in the second codeword at a second allocated power.
 12. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the second allocated power is greater than the first allocated power.
 13. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the second allocated power based on power boosting the first allocated power.
 14. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the transceiver is further configured to receive an assignment message from a base station including instructions regarding partition determination and resource assignment; and wherein the processor is further configured to determine at least two partitions of bandwidth for wireless communication based on the assignment message, wherein each of the at least two partitions has differing symbol periods, differing subcarrier spacing or both.
 15. The WTRU of the claim 14, wherein the processor is further configured to assign resource blocks (RBs) of the at least two partitions based on the assignment message, wherein RBs of a partition closer in at least one of time resources and frequency resources to an adjacent partition are assigned the lower modulation scheme, and wherein the first codeword is transmitted using assigned RBs.
 16. The WTRU of claim 14, wherein a first partition has a first numerology and a second partition has a second numerology.
 17. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to determine that data of the first codeword is to be re-transmitted on a second codeword, wherein the second codeword contains the same number of bits as the first codeword; and wherein the transceiver and the processor are further configured to transmit the second codeword.
 18. The WTRU of claim 17, wherein the mapping of the bits of the first codeword and a mapping of the bits of the second codeword is based on at least one of pre-defined processing.
 19. The WTRU of claim 17, wherein the mapping of the bits of the first codeword and a mapping of the bits of the second codeword is based on dynamically signaled processing.
 20. The WTRU of claim 17, wherein the mapping of the bits of the first codeword and a mapping of the bits of the second codeword is based on processing signaled in downlink control information (DCI). 